Determination of rangeland species palatability has some functions such as defining the rangeland grazing capacity and Plant composition estimation. Despite the importance of palatability in rangeland management, no appropriate palatability indicator has been defined yet. Therefore, developing an accurate, applicable, general, and simple indicator for Plant palatability estimation seems crucial. This research is an effort in this regard. To investigate the relationship between Plant secondary compounds and palatability, Plant species composition in the study area and in the sheep and goat diet as well as selection index were measured using chronometric and filming method. In the next stage, main Plants’ secondary compounds in livestock diet were determined using GC/MSS. Then Plants’ secondary compounds were ordinated using principle component analysis (PCA) method. Quantitative value of each Plant species Eigen values on each of the main axis of PCA was regarded as a criterion for differentiation of Plant species based on its secondary compounds. Finally, correlation between selection index of each Plant species by sheep and goat (as dependent variable) with each Plant species Eigen values on PCA axis (as independent variable) was determined. The results showed that there is a significant negative relationship between the selection index of the species by sheep and goat with its secondary compounds (P£0.05). So, it is concluded that secondary compounds are effective factors in animal’s diet selection for grazing. Therefore, secondary compounds are recommended as an important factor for Plant palatability determination.

Medical Plant Berberis vulgaris L. is one of the valuable species of mountain regions of Golestan province. In this research, ethnopharmacology, phenology and detection of natural habitats of B. vulgaris L., was performed during 88-89 and different organs of the Plant was collected, extracted and assessment of organs main secondary compounds amount was performed using spectrophotometer. In this study, medicinal information about the Plant was attained from local experienced therapists of Cheharbagh village suggesting that different products of barberry Plant are used, single or combined with other medical Plants, as with using as laxative, diuretic and as a strong anti-inflammatory agent to treat cancer, cardiovascular and hypertension diseases. Growing of Plant startsin farvardin, flowering in late khordad and fruitripening lasts until last September. This Plant grows in the soils with the sand, silt and luminal texture with pH of 7.2 and electric conductivity of 3.4 and in semi-moisttemperate (Mediterranean) to mountainous climates. Results of phytochemical studies of the Plant organs showed that amount of total flavonoid was 8.2-59.9 mgQuEg-1, total phenol was 16.1-37.8 mgGAEg-1 and anthocyanine was 11.34-153.42 mgCGEg-1, as the leave and fruit had the highest quantity of secondary compounds. Results of alkaloid berberine test showed that its amount in the skin of stem and root was 1.03 and 6.34 B%, respectively, and the other organs did not contain this material.

Introduction: Greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is a serious pest of a wide range of Plants, such as common bean, cucumber, tomato, pepper, lettuce, etc, in both field and greenhouse production. It typically feeds on the underside of leaves, sucking phloem sap from the Plant, which causes both direct damage, by overall weakening the Plant and reducing yield, and indirect damage, by excreting honeydew, on which sooty mold grows, as well as transmission of several Plant viruses. The widespread use of insecticides to control T. vaporariorum has resulted in developing resistance to the insecticides and affected human’, s health and safety. The utilization of Plant extract and elicitors is an environmentally safe method that is used in the control recently. Therefore, alternative control strategies are required to minimize the harmful effects of insecticides. In order to control this pest, environmentally friendly methods, especially of Plant origin are recently considered by researchers. For this regard, the effect of some organic compounds including methanolic and n-hexanic extract of walnut’, s husk or dill’, s seeds and salicylic acid, individually and in combination with spirotetramat on population density of greenhouse whitefly’, s nymphs and some secondary compounds of bean Plant were investigated. Materials and Methods: Seeds of common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Berloty cultivar) were sown and grown in 15-cm-plastic pots in a greenhouse at 25 ±,3°, C, 50 ±,10% RH, and a natural photoperiod. For the experiments, potted bean Plants at 6-8 leaf stage, highly infested with T. vaporariorum nymphs, were sprayed with 12 different treatments, including: (1) spirotetramat (SP), (2) methanolic extract of walnut husk (MW), (3) n-hexanic extract of walnut husk (NW), (4) methanolic extract of dill seed (MD), (5) n-hexanic extract of dill seed (ND, (6) salicylic acid (SA), (7) spirotetramat in combination with salicylic acid (SP+SA), (8) spirotetramat in combination with methanolic extract of dill seed (SP+MD), (9) spirotetramat in combination with methanolic extract of walnut husk (SP+MW), (10) spirotetramat in combination with n-hexanic extract of dill seed (SP+ND), (11) spirotetramat in combination with n-hexanic extract of walnut husk (SP+NW), and (12) water as a control (CO). After five days, the population density of T. vaporariorum nymphs on bean Plants leaves was recorded. Furthermore, the effects of tested treatments on the total phenol and flavonoid contents of bean Plants were evaluated. For this reason, dried leaves (5 g) from each treatment were used for the preparation of extracts. The total phenolic of the extracts were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Sample and standard readings were made using a spectrophotometer (Lambda 45-UV/Visible) at 765 nm against the reagent blank. Furthermore, the aluminum chloride colorimetric method was used for determination of the total flavonoid content of treatments. For total flavonoid determination, quercetin was used to make the standard calibration curve. The absorbance was read using a spectrophotometer (Lambda 45-UV/Visible) in the wavelengths of 415 nm. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA using SPSS 23. 0 software. Comparison of means for nymph density using SNK (Student-Newman-Keuls) multi-range test and comparison of means for secondary chemical compositions using Tukey's test at probability level five Percentage occurred. Results and Discussion: Results showed that the population density of greenhouse whitefly and the secondary metabolites of Plant were significantly affected by the tested treatments. The lowest number of whitefly’, s nymphs was on spirotetramat and spirotetramat in combination with methanolic extract of dill seed and the highest number was on control. Total phenolic contents ranged from 58. 96 to 114. 07 mg g-1 dry weight on different treatments, which the highest and lowest amount of it was obtained in spirotetramat in combination with methanolic extract of dill seed and spirotetramat in combination with n-hexanic extract of walnut husk, respectively. The highest amount of total flavonoid content of bean Plants was in spirotetramat in combination with salicylic acid. The results of the present study showed that the density of greenhouse whitefly population in spirotetramate treatment was lower than other treatments but there was no significant difference with the combined treatments and methanolic extract of walnut husk. Also, all the treatments compared to the control significantly changed the population density of this pest and increased the amount of total phenolic compound in bean Plant. Therefore, these compounds, especially the methanolic extract of walnut husk, can be used in integrated management programs of this pest. Conclusion: This research could provide valuable information for control of T. vaporariorum in other Plants like ornamental Plants in the field and greenhouse and thus can be useful for the production of healthy and organic crops. So it can be used in the IPM programs of this pest.

Leishmaniasis is a neglected public health problem caused by the protozoan species belonging to the genus Leishmania affecting mostly the poor populations of developing countries. The causative organism is transmitted by female sandflies. Cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral clinical manifestations are the most frequent forms of leishmaniasis. Chemotherapy still relies on the use of pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B, paromomycin, miltefosin and liposomal amphotericin B. However, the application of these drugs is limited due to low efficacy, life-threatening side effects, high toxicity, induction of parasite resistance, length of treatment and high cost. Given the fact that antileishmanial vaccines may not become available in the near future, the search for better drugs should be continued. Natural products may offer an unlimited source of chemical diversity to identify new drug modules.New medicines should be less toxic or non-toxic, safe, more efficient, less expensive and readily available antileishmanial agents, especially for low-income populations. In the present review, special focus is on medicinal Plants used against leishmanaiasis. The bioactive phytocompounds present in the Plant derivatives including the crude extracts, essential oils, and other useful compounds can be a good source for discovering and producing new antileishmanial medicines.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum), a member of Lamiaceae family, is used in traditional Iranian medicine. Essential oils of basil leaves are composed of phenylpropanoids which are important in treatment of headaches, diarrhea, coughs, warts, worms and kidney malfunctions. The most important phenylpropanoid compounds contain eugenol, chavicol, methyl eugenol, methyl chavicol, myristicin, methyl cinnamat and elemicin. Biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids that passes from shikimate pathway, are regulated by an enzyme group. Phenylalanine amonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumarate CoA ligase (4CL), P-coumarate 3-hydroxilase (C3H) and O-methyltransferases (EOMT, CVOMT, COMT) are known as key enzymes regulating at production of phenylpropanoids. The phenylpropanoids are also produced in the area of stress conditions and maintained the Plant against biotic and abiotic stresses. The purpose of this study is introducing Basil and its medicinal usages in Iran and an overview of the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis as an important part of the essence in basil and its evaluation of agronomic characteristics.

Background and Objective: Nowadays, there are a wide variety of probiotic beverages made from animal-derived ingredients that contain beneficial microorganisms for human health. In contrast, probiotic beverages made from Plant-based sources are much less common, despite their organic acids, which are biologically active substances. The aim of the study was to quantitatively assess the concentration of secondary metabolites of yeasts and lactic acid bacteria in a fermented grain drinks, as well as sensory characteristics of the drinks. Material and Methods: Probiotic beverage samples were produced wheat as their primary grain ingredient. Fermentation process involved use of various lactic acid bacteria strains, including Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus Plantarum and Lactobacillus fermentum as well as various strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts. Additionally, commercially manufactured soft drinks made from grain-based ingredients were used as the basis for the comparison. Contents and concentrations of organic acids were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography, following the guidelines by the government standard. This technique involved separation of specific organic acids on a solid support using reversed-phase mechanism. Results and Conclusion: The probiotic wheat drink contained 1300 mg. dm-3 lactic acid, suggesting the presence of lactic acid fermentation. Detection of citric and succinic acids of respectively 80 and 152 mg. dm-3 indicated heteroenzymatic nature of lactic acid fermentation. Therefore, development of aromas described as clove, fruity and banana-like was expected, generally considered favorable in the context of probiotic wheat drinks. Data make it possible to predict creation of the flavor profiles of fermented drinks from vegetable raw materials using complex combinations of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Purpose: Managers are one of the important elements of an organization, for this reason, in order to draw the future of the organization, it is necessary for the planners to specify the conditions of their selection and appointment. Therefore, the current research has been done with the aim of identifying and analyzing the components of selecting future principals.Method: In this research, comparative and benchmarking method is used as a prospective approach. This approach is based on the belief that today's advanced organizations/countries can be considered as a model for the future of another organization/countries in their respective subjects. For this, first, the fields of comparison and benchmarking were determined using Brody's four-step comparison method; then the countries of Canada, Finland, Australia, South Africa, and Japan were selected according to the qualitative balance value in the international advanced TEAMS test, human development index, life quality index(health, instruction, and welfare), education quality index, and other scientific-scholarly indexes; finally, by extracting the criteria for the selection and appointment of principals through content analysis and comparison with Iran, the proposed framework for Iran has been presented.Findings: A total of 61 components for the selection of secondary school principals were identified from among the studies conducted in the selected countries in this article. By extracting the commonalities and differences of each of the components among the countries, it was found that the highest index of manager selection and appointment belongs to Japan and the lowest one is related to Finland.Conclusion: There are similarities between the components of selection of principals of secondary schools in Iran and selected countries. In Iran, special attention should be paid to important components such as adherence to religious principles, appropriate personality traits, creativity and innovation, motivation to develop capabilities, professional growth, power of supervision and accountability, social image, leader skills, and purposefulness and foresight.